How to build your own heart monitoring device, a simple ECG?

February 2nd, 2007

I haven’t been writing for some time and I am sorry for it. During the summer I got a three week scholarship in Germany! I had a great time there, btw. I would like to greet those people now! Finally the exams are over and I wanted to share one of my projects with you. Lately Biomedical engineering is getting more and more popular, the emerging technologies made this field change rapidly. So I gave it a try, why not?

This article should teach you how to build a simple heart monitoring device, ECG/EKG (electrocardiograph). In the United States and Worldwide million’s of people are losing their life because of heart failure. It is a disease that comes with diabetes, stress and etc. Before I continue to explain what I did, I would like to WARN you! 500mA (miliAmps) on 220V will completely destroy your nervous system (so run it from battery supply), check everything twice and you are responsible for it on you own. OK! I think I can continue. There was a student job which I wanted in the Biomedical field, so to make my CV look even better I wanted to have something from this field so I built an ECG. First what I did was I went to google.com and looked for similar projects and I found a great number of similar projects. Some were for logging data of heart disease patients, some were for some futuristic health monitoring devices and some were just for fun, as mine.

Let’s start with the definition what ECG is all about (taken from Introduction to Medical Electronics Application by D. Jennings, A. Flint, BCH Turton, LDM Nokes):

“The human heart can be considered as a large muscle whose beating is simply muscular contraction. Therefore contractions of the heart cause a potential to be developed. The measurement of the potential produced by cardiac muscle is called electrocardiology.

The depolarising field in the heart is a vector which alters its direction and magnitude through the cardiac cycle. The placement of the electrodes on the surface of a patient determines the view which will be obtained of that vector as a function of time. The most commonly used electrode placement scheme is shown in Figure 1. Here the differential potential is measured between the right and left arm, between the right arm and the left leg and between left arm and left leg. These three measurements are referred to as leads I, II, III respectively. This measurement lead placement was developed by Einthoven who stated that through measurement of lead I and lead II the signal seen at lead III could be calculated. This is the most basic form of ECG lead placement: from this the various features of the heart’s depolarisation can be calculated. Clinically there is a range of lead placement schemes which incorporate limb leads and chest leads.

3 Lead ECG
Figure 1.

Therefore the ECG waveform shows the clinician the electrical waveforms associated with the contraction of the atria and ventricles. From an ECG a clinician may determine the relative timing of the contractions of the atria and the ventricles and assess the relative amplitude of the atrial and ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation. This information may allow the identification of mild heart block. Following a heart attack a patient’s ECG shows changes as the timing and shape of the waveform are dependent on the transmission of the waveform through the muscle tissue. This changes with ischaemic muscle damage associated with heart attacks.”

Figure 2., connection diagram

After a little introduction into ECG we will move on to the electronic description. The simplest way to explain how it works is to make a block diagram! The signal from the body is being amplified(the signals from the body are small and weak, ranging from 0.5 mV to 5.0 mV), filtered (to remove the noise), sampled (by sampling I mean it goes to an Analog to Digital converter aka ADC) and then sent to your computer through RS232 (wireless or any other way but RS232 was chosen because it is the simplest and fastest to make). The first two steps are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3., ECG Chain

The amplifiers we use in biomedical engineering, data acquisition or where the signal of interest is represented by a small voltage fluctuation superimposed on a voltage offset are called Instrumentation amplifiers. Instrumentation amplifiers have a high CMRR(Common Mode Rejection Ratio) which means they have the ability of a differential amplifier to not pass (reject) the portion of the signal common to both the + and – inputs. The famous producers of Instrumentation amplifiers are Texas Instruments and Analog Devices. I used the amplifiers from the second company, Analog Devices. The AD620, instrumentation amplifier, and OP97, a high precision operational amplifier. As they require negative voltage supply I generated it with the Linear LTC1044, switched capacitor voltage converter, Figure 4. The supplied voltage was 5V. The schematic is shown on Figure 5, and it was taken from this datasheet where it is explained in more details.

Figure 4., LTC1044, negative voltage generator

Figure 5., ECG Schematic (click on it for a larger version)

The noise comes from muscle contractions, power line interference 50-60 Hz, electrode contact noise, noise from other electronic devices and etc. The filter for the ECG application should be a notch filter(high-pass and low-pass filter). It should filter in the range from 0.5 Hz to 50 Hz. I created a simple RC highpass and lowpass filter, in series connected (just two capacitors and resistors).

Figure 5., ECG signal
Figure 6., ECG Signal

The ADC I used was an internal ADC from an Atmel MCU, ATMega8. The code is here:

.include “m8def.inc”
.def temp = r16
.equ CLOCK = 4000000 ; define frequency speed
.equ BAUD = 9600 ; define baud rate of sending data
.equ UBRRVAL = CLOCK/(BAUD*16)-1
main:
ldi r16, 0b00100000 ; configure the ADC
out ADMUX, r16
ldi r17, 0b10000111
out ADCSRA, r17
; Stackpointer initialisation
ldi temp, LOW(RAMEND)
out SPL, temp
ldi temp, HIGH(RAMEND)
out SPH, temp
; Baudrate configuration
ldi temp, LOW(UBRRVAL)
out UBRRL, temp
ldi temp, HIGH(UBRRVAL)
out UBRRH, temp
; Frame-Format: 8 Bit
ldi temp, (1<<
out UCSRC, temp
sbi UCSRB,TXEN ; TX activate
ADC:
ldi r18, 0b00100000
out ADMUX, r18
ldi r19, 0b11000111
out ADCSRA, r19
loop:
in r24, ADCSRA ; check if ADC done
sbrc r24, 6
rjmp loop
in temp, ADCH ; fill the converted ADC value to temp
rcall serout ; send ADC value to RS232(to computer)
rjmp ADC
serout:
sbis UCSRA,UDRE
rjmp serout
out UDR, temp
ret

The results can be seen on the following pictures. I used LABView to see the ECG of my heart. I would like to mention the blog from my friend, Rich Hoeg, eContent. I hope you like it.

Figure 7., ECG Results in LABView (click on the picture for a larger version)

Figure 8., ECG Results in LABView (click on the picture for a larger version)

Figure 9., that's me with the electrodes (the image on the t-shirt is the logo of the Bosnian Basketball Association)
Figure 9., that’s me with the electrodes (the image on the t-shirt is the logo of the Bosnian Basketball Association)

Figure 10., the ECG board that I created myself, front (click for a larger version)

Figure 11., the ECG board that I created myself, back (click for a larger version)

Entry Filed under: DSP, Electronics, DIY

87 Comments Add your own

1. Janez D. | | February 3rd, 2007 at 9:54 am

I bealive deadly voltage and current are 50V, 30mA and 50Hz. This is the voltage at which death rate is 50% or more. At least that’s what they taught us in highschool.

Nice project though, where did you get the electrodes?

Best regards from .si.
2. esrun | | February 3rd, 2007 at 10:47 am

Impressive work.
3. Grimtrekkie | | February 3rd, 2007 at 1:21 pm

Very cool
4. Lejla | | February 3rd, 2007 at 4:05 pm

this is great! keep up the good work
5. erna | | February 3rd, 2007 at 4:35 pm

very Impressive..
6. smiki | | February 3rd, 2007 at 5:11 pm

nice work but …

you shoud note that what you would get this way has probably only a very little bit more information on your heart condition than a simple pulse count.

The valuable information about the heart condition is in the waveform of the EKG. So you should ensure as little as possible phase distortion. Every HPF, LPF introduces some, hence you obscure the PQRSTU information (see your figure 6)

but as a fun project you made a good job
7. alex mccown | | February 3rd, 2007 at 5:16 pm

im soldering one together now
8. Static | | February 3rd, 2007 at 8:40 pm

I’m a healthcare provider, and I get deployed to some pretty austere locations. I’d LOVE to see something like this built (Out of China or something where FDA approval isn’t required), in a small package, that I could toss into my medic bag. Hell, even around here (the US), I’d use it. I’m a VERY amateur electronics guy (just got a PIC Programmer, and still trying to figure the little sucker out), or I’d be wiring this myself.
One thing I’d really like to see: Any chance you could repost one of the waveforms with the EKG leads placed on your upper sternum, and on the left side of your chest (Right about where your elbow would sit, when your arm is resting down by your side). This should eliminate a TON of muscle noise, and give a very recognizable waveform.
Thanks for the great DIY
9. Benjamander | | February 4th, 2007 at 12:39 am

Janez D.,

“deadly voltage and current are 50V, 30mA and 50Hz.”

it’s a little more complicated. basically, if you increase voltage, amperage, frequency, or conductivity enough, it’ll become dangerous enough to kill.
10. LEHNH | | February 4th, 2007 at 1:25 am

Smrt fasizmu sloboda narodu druze refaaaaaa:):):)
11. Last » Blog Archive&hellip | | February 4th, 2007 at 4:26 am

[…] 医用检测的DIY比较不多见，基于LabView的就更少见了，这篇“How to build your own heart monitoring device, a simple ECG?”就详细描述了简易心电检测原理，和如何使用单片机和LabView来搭建一套简单的心电图监测系统。 […]
12. To Benjamander | | February 4th, 2007 at 7:25 am

““deadly voltage and current are 50V, 30mA and 50Hz.”

it’s a little more complicated. basically, if you increase voltage, amperage, frequency, or conductivity enough, it’ll become dangerous enough to kill. ”

You could say that about a gameboy…. “if you pluged your gameboy into your dryers outlet with two clothes hangers, it’ll become dangerous enough to kill.” if…if…if…if…if
13. srw | | February 4th, 2007 at 5:08 pm

What’s with those peaked T-wave.. have you checked your potasium recently?
14. Zlax | | February 4th, 2007 at 7:08 pm

As one of them said, keep up good work
15. Caleb Buxton | | February 5th, 2007 at 2:43 am

Nice project.

what was the cost of the different components?
16. iDiy.mobi » How to &hellip | | February 5th, 2007 at 7:32 am

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17. SPman | | February 5th, 2007 at 10:16 am

Nice and simple. I’m Just wandering what is a pike near Q. This is some kind of artifact. Do you know the source (external source, decease or just some error in software). By definition this pike could be oposite and much smaller. Anyway I believe it is fun project.
18. Honkifurhorny | | February 5th, 2007 at 5:32 pm

This was posted on hackaday and it might have some truth in it:

Dear God! This is the worst ECG design I have ever seen! Reasons:
-no Patient protection circuit
-no isolation of the preamp
-no DC offset handling at all
-trashy low pass approach instead of using the CMRR of the AD620 (but how could he with this board)
-horrible 50 Hz (Bosnia!) interference, he has to filter it out in LabView
I can just recommend not to build this circuit. Its endangering your life in the moment you connect anything from it to: -power supply -PC -laptop. Why do such hacks appear on Hackaday? There was this crazy helmet with holes for LEDs too. Just as stupid as this one.
He is neither the first one to do it nor is his implementation good. The performance is extremly lousy. Check out this much better made design with proper isolation:
http://www.cn.stir.ac.uk/eegviewer//preamp/
19. Richard Trader | | February 5th, 2007 at 6:26 pm

Small monitor available with USB and FDA approvial - plug it in… and get real time data or memory up to six hours …. wear it and upload data to laptop or umpc….

available wwww.Cardiophonics.com or emial me at rt@Cardiophonics.com
Rick
20. How to build your own hea&hellip | | February 6th, 2007 at 4:14 pm

[…] Here’s a cool DIY on howto build your own heart rate monitoring device using an Atmel Atmega8 microcontroller. You can probably easily make this idea work with any other microcontroller out on the market with an ADC. After a little introduction into ECG we will move on to the electronic description. The simplest way to explain how it works is to make a block diagram! The signal from the body is being amplified(the signals from the body are small and weak, ranging from 0.5 mV to 5.0 mV), filtered (to remove the noise), sampled (by sampling I mean it goes to an Analog to Digital converter aka ADC) and then sent to your computer through RS232 (wireless or any other way but RS232 was chosen because it is the simplest and fastest to make). […]
21. abdul haseeb o p | | February 15th, 2007 at 6:59 am

i am engg student, selected my final year projct named ‘digital ecg’ . In this the analog signal from the body is filtered and fed to amplifier AD624 and then given to Atmega 8 and then interface with the pc.The program for interfacing ,sampling .. will be done using C program in the microcontroller . for displaying ecg waveform program is done using python language .we have only just started our project and have little idea about the programing section .
i request u to give some idea about the programming section and also give necessory instructions for successful completion of our project.
thanking you
22. michael edelman | | February 18th, 2007 at 4:40 pm

As noted, the lack of isolation makes this a potentially deadly device. A ground fault on the AC side could easily send 20ma across your heart, triggering fibrillation. The addition of an optical or RF isolator is a must.

There is no “safe voltage”. Wet skin has a VERY low resistance.
23. Mike | | February 19th, 2007 at 1:14 am

Interestingly, Analog Devices also has a large selection of isolators. I don’t think it would be terribly difficult to add an IC that would isolate the board from the computer. Also, why don’t you do all the filtering in Labview? The performance of your filters would be much improved compared to the RC ones you use now. Just some suggestions.
24. Mike | | February 19th, 2007 at 7:24 pm

Static -
“I’m a healthcare provider, and I get deployed to some pretty austere locations. I’d LOVE to see something like this built (Out of China or something where FDA approval isn’t required), in a small package, that I could toss into my medic bag.”

Dude…im a Medic….i dont know what type of service you are working for but have you not heard of the Lifepack Series of Heart Monitors…..yeah…there realitivly small and easy to hook up…in fact they even have a paddles lead that you just slap on some AED pads and turn it on and it gives you a lead….i dont know where you work out of or how you are treating your cardiac arrests…but maybe you should talk to managment and figure that one out
25. diten | | February 20th, 2007 at 3:57 am

Hey abdul haseeb o p

to do something easy, you can use Python, and I can recomend you the pyserial lib for the comm with the microcontroller (via rs232) and maybe pygame for simple graphics, maybe if you want more pro result, you can use scipy.
anyway, I think that running this device without isolation is not a good idea.
hope it helps. bye.
26. TightReviews.com » &hellip | | February 20th, 2007 at 10:31 am

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32. Phil | | February 20th, 2007 at 12:37 pm

Just a quick note about safety:

The schematic shown has 220K resistors in series with the leads. That would limit the current to less than 1 mA if you somehow managed to short it to the mains. I don’t know how dangerous that would be. For additional isolation you may be able to capacitively couple the inputs, but you would need large high-voltage capacitors due to the low frequencies involved. Note that the schematic linked to by Honkifurhorny above which is capacitively coupled is for an EEG not ECG, i.e.brain waves not heart beat.

The AD620 datasheet has a schematic very similar to your figure 5, but has a “black box” marked ‘patient/circuit protection/isolation’. They don’t elaborate on what this box should do, but they do mention “ECG monitors … where source resistances of 1MOhm or higher are [common]”. So I would at least increase those 220ks to 2M2s.

For “bomb-proof” isolation, use something like a Bluetooth or Zigbee radio, or an RS232-to-optical converter, or (carefully) an opto-isolator (like MIDI).

And ALWAYS use an RCD / ELCB circuit breaker.
33. Jammed.mobi » Darin&hellip | | February 20th, 2007 at 5:45 pm

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37. Anjali | | February 20th, 2007 at 8:08 pm

i’m making a wireless ecg project. would be great help if i got some help with the programming stuff. have to do programming on 89S52 microcontroller using keil to find out heart rate.
38. FSK1138 | | February 20th, 2007 at 9:59 pm

http://www.cn.stir.ac.uk/eegviewer//preamp/
is a better design - but it is harder to build as a diy project
more parts etc..
at least this has “sprarked” a bit of interest
and was that not the point — ?

keep up the good work

on a side note —eeg not ecg

check out some LOW COST OPEN SOURCE EEG DEVICEs
here

http://www.olimex.com/gadgets/openeeg.html

http://openeeg.sourceforge.net/doc/
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40. Taylor | | February 21st, 2007 at 9:13 am

Current a biomedical engineering student. Keep up the great work although it seems to be not filtered enough to get much accurate result, but for fun, you apparently did a marvelous job ! How about some small EEG ?
41. Technology Insight »&hellip | | February 22nd, 2007 at 10:07 am

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43. Martin | | February 22nd, 2007 at 11:02 am

Hmm…
you have to use the left leg (as seen on the pictures), not the right leg as seen onyour drawing. Maybe this will fix your far too large T-wave (flaely showing acute myocardial infarction)
M.
44. BIG STEVE | | February 25th, 2007 at 1:19 am

is there a way that this could be hooked up to something small, such as a blackberry, palm pilot, or even a graphing calculator???
45. Jeff | | February 26th, 2007 at 5:29 am

I am needing some help on modifing this project. I need it to work with 3.3v/watch battery and wireless! You know, just some “minor tweaks”!

I have a friend who has a young baby who has some heart problems and due to the bills and expensive equipment I started thinking about you ECG project. “Hmmm, that’s all I would need to do is have a device alarm if there was a certain period of silence or no activity”

Yea, you know, just some “minor tweaks”!
THX,
J
46. ashwin | | February 28th, 2007 at 1:35 pm

i m doing ecg based project would u help me with c++ software project
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48. HAMEDANI | | March 1st, 2007 at 7:05 am

i do it and its a good project
49. vibhor | | March 1st, 2007 at 7:32 pm

great job man really appreciated
50. faheem | | March 4th, 2007 at 11:33 am

nice job…………..but would like to add this/

ecg projects are vast. the difference lies in doing something different thna the other. u can do the same project using a different concept.

that would give u an edge over others
51. shahida | | March 5th, 2007 at 1:42 pm

i want build circuit ecg. but, i want gain=1000.how to build it?what amplifier i need to use..pleaz, help me..
52. Barbosa | | March 6th, 2007 at 12:48 am

great idea!!! is a good job
53. koushalya.k | | March 7th, 2007 at 3:11 pm

hey u have done a great job.congratulation
54. arihant jain | | March 9th, 2007 at 3:05 pm

very nice , i want to know more basic information about leads,circuit,rs system
55. ALI | | March 9th, 2007 at 8:22 pm

CAN U HELP IN GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT WIRELESS ECG
56. Matt | | March 13th, 2007 at 11:08 pm

Hey.
I built a couple of these for when I backpack across Australia as a doctor. I like to help the kangaroos by measuring their heart rate to see what is wrong with them. I was impressed by the baby kangeroos espescially. The machine could record everything as if it was a $10000 unit. Thanks a lot for the info.
Dr. Matt
57. My Brains | | March 17th, 2007 at 9:14 am

I like the idea and the simplicity. But now go further with it to connect to a PDA! either the rs232 or the IR on PDA’s are simple to use and no having to worry about and dangers.. Simple cheap and effective.. also check out the AMP01 from analolg devices. I would use complied PDA basic for fast prototype. Maybe I will do this now that I think about it???

At the same time you can do both eeg and ecg. I wish you good luck and it was a nice project to post!
58. brittakar | | March 20th, 2007 at 3:28 pm

very interesting work. i m a 2nd yr electrical eng student. i wanted to know if this circuit is similar to that of pacemaker detection. if not can u kindly show an example.

thank u very much
59. Carlos | | March 27th, 2007 at 1:06 am

Esta muy chingon tu proyecto, muy simlpe y funcional, talvez filtrando un poco mas la señal se conseguiria mayor nitides en la lectura del ECG.

Gracias por compartir tu informacion

saludos desde MEXICO
60. PREM BIHARI SARAN.G | | April 5th, 2007 at 6:28 am

It is exellent .Congratulations for it.
61. PREM BIHARI SARAN.G | | April 5th, 2007 at 6:39 am

I am a 2nd year Electrical Engg. Student.I Want to know more basic information about Circuit &Working.
62. Jeff | | April 24th, 2007 at 3:11 pm

Nice job, i’m working on a project similar to this. However, your T wave is peaking too much. my design is also much more simple than yours too with no filtering, just an AD620… and i get a clear ECG signal.
63. leon | | April 30th, 2007 at 4:29 am

can you send me the block diagram for the ECG project
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[…] Our own Hack-A-Day emeritus took some time out from his showgirl pursuits to pass this along. The ECG was built to pad a resume, but it doesn’t make it less useful. Be warned, too much power could stop your heart. If you build one, triple check everything before wiring yourself up. Basically, an electrical differential is generated by the contraction of muscles in the heart. This slight signal is amplified by an op-amp and sampled with an A/D converter. […]
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68. Lester | | May 28th, 2007 at 11:49 pm

nice men….i trying to do the same…but i need one thing…. where i find a AD620???
69. prasanna | | June 4th, 2007 at 3:47 am

nice one dude..hey can send me an assembly language program for counting heart bit using 8052 uisng ADC..its urgent..
70. ganesh | | June 14th, 2007 at 3:17 am

excellent very interesting
71. Darnell Sikkink | | June 14th, 2007 at 10:24 am

This one makes sence “One’s first step in wisdom is to kuesstion everything - and one’s last is to come to terms with everything.”
72. smat | | June 19th, 2007 at 2:27 am

Hi,

Where can i find everything you have written?
thanks.
73. Ahmed saad kareem | | June 30th, 2007 at 9:05 am

hellow
MY NAM IS AHME SAAD
i want to develop a software that simulate the ecg monitoing
and i want the screen that drawing the signal
74. Alam | | July 12th, 2007 at 3:50 am

I am currently working on one. It is going to be the deciding factor if i graduate or not. Is there anyway, i can get pointers from you?
75. SlavaVB | | July 13th, 2007 at 4:06 am

I noticed in your graph that there are sampling artifacts where there are flat plateaus indicating an averaged out sample across a period of time, but there are also spikes around the edges of each sample plateau. I was wondering if you could explain the source of that.
76. Philip Knox | | July 19th, 2007 at 10:50 pm

So much crititsim for a hobbyist. If this was a commercially sold device it would be understandable but obviously a lot of work has been produced by this person to produce and advertise his results.
These results have been advertised to pool information, thanks to the inventor. Perhaps all the positive thoughts could be pooled to help instead of the negative comments.
We all know about the negatives of supplying 240/20A thanks
77. yang | | August 6th, 2007 at 7:46 am

good
78. Tejas | | August 7th, 2007 at 7:46 pm

fantastic, really is the great.
79. madhu | | August 8th, 2007 at 1:16 pm

hi,
iam very glad about ur project,
i want to develop a software that simulate the ecg monitoing
and i want the screen that drawing the signal and heartbeat counting using 8052 controller.
please can u send me the above mentioned details about the project,it’s urgent.
80. Felipe | | August 9th, 2007 at 4:42 pm

My name is Felipe and it would like to congratulate, for your project and saying that I am developing a similar one for my TCC in University also, because my great interest is of being working in the middle of the biomedical area.

He spoke thank you, for the great help.
81. Ramya | | August 24th, 2007 at 9:17 am

hi,
i am very glad about ur project ,
i want to develop a software that simulate the ecg monitoing. IMy project is related to Heart rate variablility measurement. please can u send me the above mentioned details about the project,it’s urgent.Please.
82. sumit sandal | | September 10th, 2007 at 6:37 am

i need programming based on 8052. pls respond….
83. Nadeem Asghar | | September 10th, 2007 at 8:43 am

hi friend,
i am the student of computer engineering from pakistan in final year (4th).actually i have picked a final year project named portable ecg machine.i want to use mirocontrollers.
i need your help in completing my project.Please send me some details about your project.i’ll b very thankfull to you..
84. Preia | | September 11th, 2007 at 4:12 pm

hey great work. i’m a third yr electronic eng student at UKZN and we got a similar project, building a three lead ecg system. just wanted to know how did u determine the optimum sampling frequency? also we using an ATMega48 with a 10bit adc. wat baud should i use? thanks alot man.
85. Topsy Kretts | | September 27th, 2007 at 6:03 am

Nice work. As for the “killer voltage” comment… its not the voltage that’ll get you - its the ampres.
86. Refa | | April 5th, 2008 at 1:36 pm

test
87. li | | April 8th, 2008 at 8:28 am

thank you for your project, I am studing the EEG for recording that data. reading your paper, I will try to use the Labview to processing the data.
your work is very significance for other man.
thank you.